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The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than of public lands in the United States which constitutes one-eighth of the landmass of the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/public_land_statistics/ )〕 President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office and the Grazing Service. The agency manages the federal government's nearly of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal, state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862.〔 Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/info/about_blm/history.print.html )〕 The mission of the BLM is "to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/About_BLM.print.html )〕 Originally BLM holdings were described as "land nobody wanted" because homesteaders had passed them by.〔 All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/grazing.html )〕 The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 23 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Landscape Conservation System totaling about .〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/NLCS.html )〕 There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.〔--See Part 3 of the BLM's Public Land Statistics, "Commercial Uses and Revenue Generated"--〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/oil_and_gas.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy.html )〕 ==History== The BLM's roots go back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-DOI-BLM-PUBLAND-1996/html/GPO-DOI-BLM-PUBLAND-1996-2.htm )〕 These laws provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original 13 colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution.〔 As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain, France and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement.〔 During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m804.pdf )〕 After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, signed by the United States, England, France, and Spain, ceded territory to the United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris - Hunter Miller's Notes )〕〔Black, Jeremy. ''British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793'' (1994) pp 11–20〕 In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio.〔 By this time, the United States needed revenue to function.〔Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land." ''Journal of Federalism,'' Fall 1987, Vol. 18 Issue 4, pp 31-39〕 Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive.〔 In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors.〔 The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed. In 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands.〔A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management: For sale by G.P.O.〕 By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled.〔 Over the years, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m804.pdf )〕 Several different types of patents existed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】) (Record Group 49) 1685-1993 (bulk 1770-1982)">url=http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/049.html )〕 These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots.〔 A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory.〔 This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States.〔 The laws that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded.〔 In the early 20th century, Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/About_BLM/History.print.html )〕 The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium to take place on public lands.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ut/vernal_fo/lands___minerals.Par.6287.File.dat/MineralLeasingAct1920.pdf )〕 The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy )〕 In 1946, the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management within the Department of the Interior.〔 It took several years for this new agency to integrate and reorganize. In the end, the Bureau of Land Management became less focused on land disposal and more focused on the long term management and preservation of the land.〔 The agency achieved its current form by combining offices in the western states and creating a corresponding office for lands both east of and alongside the Mississippi River. As a matter of course, the BLM's emphasis fell on activities in the western states as most of the mining, land sales, and federally owned areas are located west of the Mississippi. BLM personnel on the ground have typically been oriented toward local interests, while bureau management in Washington are led by presidential guidance. By means of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, Congress created a more unified bureau mission and recognized the value of the remaining public lands by declaring that these lands would remain in public ownership.〔 The law directed that these lands be managed with a view toward "multiple use" defined as "management of the public lands and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/43/1702 )〕 Since the Reagan years of the 1980s, Republicans have often given priority to local control and to grazing, mining and petroleum production, while Democrats have more often emphasized environmental concerns even when granting mining and drilling leases.〔James R. Skillen, ''The Nation's Largest Landlord'' (2009)〕 In September 1996, then President Bill Clinton used his authority under the Antiquities Act to establish the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah, the first of now 20 national monuments established on BLM lands and managed by the agency.〔 The establishment of Grand Staircase-Escalante foreshadowed later creation of the BLM's National Landscape Conservation System in 2000. Use of the Antiquities Act authority, to the extent it effectively scuttled a coal mine to have been operated by Andalex Resources, delighted recreation and conservation enthusiasts but set up larger confrontations with state and local authorities. The changing demographics in the western states have led some to suggest that the BLM, long derided as the "Bureau of Livestock and Mines," is in the midst of becoming the "Bureau of Landscapes and Monuments."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bureau of Land Management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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